Диференційований підхід до застосування нових оральних антикоагулянтів в сучасній кардіологічній практиці: огляд літератури
Анотація
Огляд літератури – науковий пошук щодо диференційованого призначення нових оральних антикоагулянтів, що не належать до антагоністів вітаміну K (НОАК), при різних клінічних ситуаціях. Використання лікарських засобів цієї групи потребує зваженого підходу до призначення, враховуючи можливі ускладнення та побічні реакції при їх використанні у різних категорій пацієнтів. Використані нами літературні джерела підтверджують актуальність комплексного обговорення теми. Огляд дозволяє нагадати лікарю-практику можливі варіанти використання препаратів цієї групи у пацієнтів різних категорій ризику та звернути увагу на питання, які потребують подальшого вивчення. У цьому огляді висвітлено основні фармакотерапевтичні особливості застосування НОАК в різних клінічних ситуаціях.
Мета – допомогти лікарю-практику щодо правильного вибору препарату з групи НОАК у певній клінічній ситуації.
Результати. У статті наведено препарати групи НОАК з різними схемами терапії та формою випуску. У більшості літературних джерел, які були опрацьовані під час написання огляду, відсутні порівняльні характеристики щодо потенційного клінічного застосування НОАК, побічних реакцій та методів їх усунення. Тому в огляді ми обговорюємо різні можливі варіанти застосування цих лікарських засобів та робимо висновки щодо доцільності їхнього використання.
Здійснено комплексний систематичний пошук літературних джерел, щоб знайти клінічні дослідження, які відповідають тематиці огляду. Перевірено результати пошуків щодо визначення відповідних досліджень, оцінено отримані результати для мінімізації упередженості. Наш огляд має певні обмеження. Результати досліджень оцінювали на етапі подальшого спостереження для кожного дослідження. Виявлено певну неоднорідність у дослідженнях щодо одночасного застосування антитромбоцитарної терапії, тривалості спостереження та особливостей фармакотерапії. Так, наприклад, слід відзначити, що такий представник НОАК, як ривароксабан у дозі 2,5 мг не схвалений для профілактики тромбоемболічних явищ при фібриляції передсердь. Водночас він є єдиним НОАК, доданим до стандартної подвійної антитромбоцитарної терапії у дозі 2,5 мг 2 рази на добу. До того ж ми не мали змоги ознайомитися з індивідуальними даними учасників, оскільки ці дані відсутні в публічному доступі згідно з протоколами дослідження. Потрібно зазначити, що аналіз даних кожного окремого учасника дослідження більш інформативний для дослідження результатів лікування.
Висновки. Цей огляд літератури включає нові дані щодо ефективності та безпеки використання нових оральних антикоагулянтів (дабігатран, ривароксабан, апіксабан, едоксабан) для профілактики тромбоемболії у пацієнтів з фібриляцією передсердь. Обговорено питання антикоагулянтної терапії в певних клінічних ситуаціях: у пацієнтів похилого віку, хворих з ішемічною хворобою серця, фібриляцію передсердь, хронічною хворобою нирок, в до- та післяопераційному періодах. Подальше вивчення препаратів цієї групи дасть змогу лікарям використовувати їх без загрози для життя пацієнтів. На нашу думку, НОАК заслуговують на увагу та подальше вивчення, незважаючи на отримані дані їхньої ефективності та безпеки при тривалому використанні.
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